{"id":673,"date":"2026-11-04T12:00:37","date_gmt":"2026-11-04T04:00:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/btc354.com\/index.php\/2026\/11\/04\/postgresql-%e5%86%85%e6%a0%b8%e6%b7%b1%e5%ba%a6%e6%8b%86%e8%a7%a3%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e-toast-%e5%ad%98%e5%82%a8%e5%88%b0%e5%bc%82%e6%ad%a5-i-o-%e4%b8%8e%e9%80%bb%e8%be%91%e5%a4%8d%e5%88%b6%e7%9a%84\/"},"modified":"2026-11-04T12:00:40","modified_gmt":"2026-11-04T04:00:40","slug":"postgresql-%e5%86%85%e6%a0%b8%e6%b7%b1%e5%ba%a6%e6%8b%86%e8%a7%a3%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e-toast-%e5%ad%98%e5%82%a8%e5%88%b0%e5%bc%82%e6%ad%a5-i-o-%e4%b8%8e%e9%80%bb%e8%be%91%e5%a4%8d%e5%88%b6%e7%9a%84","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/btc354.com\/index.php\/2026\/11\/04\/postgresql-%e5%86%85%e6%a0%b8%e6%b7%b1%e5%ba%a6%e6%8b%86%e8%a7%a3%ef%bc%9a%e4%bb%8e-toast-%e5%ad%98%e5%82%a8%e5%88%b0%e5%bc%82%e6%ad%a5-i-o-%e4%b8%8e%e9%80%bb%e8%be%91%e5%a4%8d%e5%88%b6%e7%9a%84\/","title":{"rendered":"PostgreSQL \u5185\u6838\u6df1\u5ea6\u62c6\u89e3\uff1a\u4ece TOAST \u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u6f14\u8fdb\u5168\u666f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"doc-spec-grid\">\n<div class=\"doc-spec-item\"><span class=\"doc-spec-label\">\ud83c\udfaf \u6838\u5fc3\u6280\u672f<\/span><span class=\"doc-spec-value\">PostgreSQL \u5185\u6838\u673a\u5236 (TOAST \/ Async I\/O \/ Logical Replication)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"doc-spec-item\"><span class=\"doc-spec-label\">\u26a1 \u67b6\u6784\u96be\u5ea6<\/span><span class=\"doc-spec-value\">\u8d44\u6df1\u67b6\u6784\u7ea7 (Level 3-4)<\/span><\/div>\n<div class=\"doc-spec-item\"><span class=\"doc-spec-label\">\ud83d\ude80 \u6838\u5fc3\u6536\u76ca<\/span><span class=\"doc-spec-value\">\u5927\u5b57\u6bb5\u5b58\u50a8\u4f18\u5316 30%+ \/ \u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u541e\u5410\u63d0\u5347 2x<\/span><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<blockquote class=\"doc-lead\"><p><strong>\u5bfc\u8bed\uff1a<\/strong>PostgreSQL \u4f5c\u4e3a\u6700\u5148\u8fdb\u7684\u5f00\u6e90\u5173\u7cfb\u578b\u6570\u636e\u5e93\uff0c\u5176\u5185\u6838\u8bbe\u8ba1\u7684\u7cbe\u5999\u4e4b\u5904\u5f80\u5f80\u9690\u85cf\u5728\u6e90\u7801\u4e0e\u6587\u6863\u7684\u7ec6\u8282\u4e2d\u3002\u7531 Hironobu Suzuki \u7ef4\u62a4\u7684\u300aThe Internals of PostgreSQL\u300b\u5728 11 \u5468\u5e74\u4e4b\u9645\u53d1\u5e03\u4e86\u91cd\u5927\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u65b0\u589e\u4e86\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u7b49\u5173\u952e\u7ae0\u8282\u3002\u672c\u6587\u5c06\u4ee5\u8d44\u6df1\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u7684\u89c6\u89d2\uff0c\u5e26\u4f60\u7a7f\u900f\u6587\u6863\u8868\u8c61\uff0c\u4ece TOAST \u5b58\u50a8\u5f15\u64ce\u3001\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u73af\u5f62\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u5e76\u884c\u5e94\u7528\u5230\u81a8\u80c0\u7a7a\u95f4\u56de\u6536\uff0c\u9010\u4e00\u62c6\u89e3 PG \u5185\u6838\u7684\u5e95\u5c42\u903b\u8f91\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ea7\u843d\u5730\u8981\u70b9\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<figure class=\"doc-figure\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/btc354.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/11\/tech-postgresql-e58685e6a0b8e6b7b1e5baa6e68b86e8a7a3efbc9ae4bb8e-toast-e5ad98e582a8e588b0e5bc82e6ada5-i-o-e4b88ee980bbe8be91e5a48de588b6e79a84-1793764839.jpg\" alt=\"PostgreSQL \u5185\u6838\u6df1\u5ea6\u62c6\u89e3\uff1a\u4ece TOAST \u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u6f14\u8fdb\u5168\u666f\" \/><figcaption>\u56fe 1\uff1aPostgreSQL \u5185\u6838\u67b6\u6784\u5206\u5c42\u4e0e\u5173\u952e\u5b50\u7cfb\u7edf\u4ea4\u4e92\u5168\u666f\u56fe<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<h2 class=\"doc-h2\">\u4e00\u3001\u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981\u6df1\u5165 PostgreSQL \u5185\u6838\uff1f<\/h2>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">\u5728\u4e91\u539f\u751f\u4e0e\u5206\u5e03\u5f0f\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5927\u884c\u5176\u9053\u7684\u4eca\u5929\uff0cPostgreSQL \u4f9d\u7136\u51ed\u501f\u5176\u6781\u81f4\u7684\u6269\u5c55\u6027\u3001ACID \u5408\u89c4\u6027\u4e0e\u4e30\u5bcc\u7684\u751f\u6001\u7a33\u5c45\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u7b2c\u4e00\u68af\u961f\u3002\u7136\u800c\uff0c\u8bb8\u591a\u56e2\u961f\u5728\u9047\u5230\u5927\u5b57\u6bb5\u6027\u80fd\u74f6\u9888\u3001\u590d\u5236\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3001\u8868\u81a8\u80c0\u7b49\u95ee\u9898\u65f6\uff0c\u5f80\u5f80\u505c\u7559\u5728\u201c\u8c03\u53c2\u201d\u5c42\u9762\uff0c\u7f3a\u4e4f\u5bf9\u5185\u6838\u673a\u5236\u7684\u6df1\u523b\u7406\u89e3\u3002\u672c\u6b21\u300aThe Internals of PostgreSQL\u300b\u7684 11 \u5468\u5e74\u66f4\u65b0\uff0c\u6070\u597d\u8865\u9f50\u4e86\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u4e0e\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u8fd9\u4e24\u5757\u73b0\u4ee3 PG \u67b6\u6784\u7684\u5173\u952e\u62fc\u56fe\u3002<\/p>\n<div class=\"doc-callout doc-callout-info\">\n<div class=\"doc-callout-title\">\ud83d\udca1 \u67b6\u6784\u6838\u5fc3\u51b3\u7b56<\/div>\n<p>\u6df1\u5165\u5185\u6838\u4e0d\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u70ab\u6280\uff0c\u800c\u662f\u4e3a\u4e86\u5728\u67b6\u6784\u9009\u578b\u3001\u6545\u969c\u6392\u67e5\u4e0e\u6027\u80fd\u8c03\u4f18\u65f6\uff0c\u80fd\u591f\u505a\u51fa\u57fa\u4e8e\u7b2c\u4e00\u6027\u539f\u7406\u7684\u51b3\u7b56\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff1a\u4f55\u65f6\u8be5\u7528 TOAST \u538b\u7f29\uff1f\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u5982\u4f55\u5f71\u54cd\u68c0\u67e5\u70b9\u6027\u80fd\uff1f\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u69fd\u5982\u4f55\u907f\u514d WAL \u5806\u79ef\uff1f<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"doc-h2\">\u4e8c\u3001TOAST\uff1a\u8d85\u5927\u5c5e\u6027\u5b58\u50a8\u6280\u672f\u7684\u8bbe\u8ba1\u54f2\u5b66<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"doc-h3\">2.1 \u4e3a\u4ec0\u4e48\u9700\u8981 TOAST\uff1f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">PostgreSQL \u7684\u5806\u8868\uff08Heap Table\uff09\u4e2d\uff0c\u5355\u884c\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u80fd\u8de8\u9875\u5b58\u50a8\uff0c\u800c\u9875\u5927\u5c0f\u9ed8\u8ba4\u4e3a 8KB\u3002\u5f53\u4e00\u884c\u6570\u636e\u8d85\u8fc7\u7ea6 2KB\uff08TOAST_TUPLE_THRESHOLD\uff09\u65f6\uff0cPG \u4f1a\u81ea\u52a8\u89e6\u53d1 TOAST\uff08The Oversized-Attribute Storage Technique\uff09\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u5c06\u5927\u5b57\u6bb5\u538b\u7f29\u6216\u5207\u7247\u5b58\u50a8\u5230\u72ec\u7acb\u7684 TOAST \u8868\u4e2d\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u8bbe\u8ba1\u4f7f\u5f97 PG \u80fd\u591f\u9ad8\u6548\u5b58\u50a8 JSONB\u3001\u5927\u6587\u672c\u3001\u4e8c\u8fdb\u5236\u7b49\u6570\u636e\uff0c\u540c\u65f6\u4fdd\u6301\u4e3b\u8868\u7684\u7d27\u51d1\u6027\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"doc-h3\">2.2 TOAST \u7684\u56db\u79cd\u5b58\u50a8\u7b56\u7565<\/h3>\n<div class=\"doc-table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"doc-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u7b56\u7565<\/th>\n<th>\u884c\u4e3a<\/th>\n<th>\u9002\u7528\u573a\u666f<\/th>\n<th>\u67b6\u6784\u6536\u76ca<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>PLAIN<\/td>\n<td>\u7981\u6b62\u538b\u7f29\u4e0e\u884c\u5916\u5b58\u50a8<\/td>\n<td>\u5b9a\u957f\u7c7b\u578b\uff08int, char\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u907f\u514d\u989d\u5916\u5f00\u9500<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>EXTENDED<\/td>\n<td>\u5141\u8bb8\u538b\u7f29\u4e0e\u884c\u5916\u5b58\u50a8\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u6587\u672c\u3001JSONB\u3001bytea<\/td>\n<td>\u5e73\u8861\u5b58\u50a8\u4e0e\u6027\u80fd<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>EXTERNAL<\/td>\n<td>\u5141\u8bb8\u884c\u5916\u5b58\u50a8\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u538b\u7f29<\/td>\n<td>\u5df2\u538b\u7f29\u6570\u636e\uff08\u5982 gzip\uff09<\/td>\n<td>\u907f\u514d\u4e8c\u6b21\u538b\u7f29<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>MAIN<\/td>\n<td>\u5141\u8bb8\u538b\u7f29\uff0c\u7981\u6b62\u884c\u5916\u5b58\u50a8<\/td>\n<td>\u4e2d\u7b49\u957f\u5ea6\u5b57\u6bb5<\/td>\n<td>\u51cf\u5c11 TOAST \u8868\u8bbf\u95ee<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<h3 class=\"doc-h3\">2.3 TOAST \u7684\u6e90\u7801\u7ea7\u65f6\u5e8f<\/h3>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">\u5f53\u63d2\u5165\u6216\u66f4\u65b0\u5143\u7ec4\u65f6\uff0c<code>heap_insert<\/code> \u4f1a\u8c03\u7528 <code>heap_toast_insert_or_update<\/code>\uff0c\u540e\u8005\u904d\u5386\u5143\u7ec4\u5c5e\u6027\uff0c\u5bf9\u8d85\u8fc7\u9608\u503c\u7684\u5c5e\u6027\u8c03\u7528 <code>toast_save_datum<\/code>\u3002\u8be5\u51fd\u6570\u5c06\u6570\u636e\u5207\u7247\u4e3a\u7ea6 2KB \u7684 chunk\uff0c\u5e76\u5199\u5165 <code>pg_toast_&lt;oid&gt;<\/code> \u8868\uff0c\u4e3b\u8868\u4e2d\u4ec5\u4fdd\u7559\u4e00\u4e2a 18 \u5b57\u8282\u7684\u6307\u9488\uff08varlena \u5934 + toast \u6307\u9488\uff09\u3002\u8bfb\u53d6\u65f6\uff0c<code>heap_fetch<\/code> \u68c0\u6d4b\u5230 TOAST \u6307\u9488\u540e\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7 <code>toast_fetch_datum<\/code> \u91cd\u7ec4\u6570\u636e\u3002<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"sql\" data-enlighter-title=\"toast_demo.sql\">-- \u67e5\u770b\u8868\u7684 TOAST \u7b56\u7565\nSELECT attname, attstorage FROM pg_attribute WHERE attrelid = 'your_table'::regclass;\n-- \u4fee\u6539\u5b57\u6bb5\u7684 TOAST \u7b56\u7565\nALTER TABLE your_table ALTER COLUMN large_text SET STORAGE EXTERNAL;\n-- \u67e5\u770b TOAST \u8868\u5927\u5c0f\nSELECT pg_size_pretty(pg_total_relation_size(reltoastrelid)) FROM pg_class WHERE relname = 'your_table';<\/pre>\n<div class=\"doc-callout doc-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"doc-callout-title\">\u26a0\ufe0f \u751f\u4ea7\u907f\u5751\u98ce\u9669<\/div>\n<p>\u5bf9\u5df2\u538b\u7f29\u7684\u6570\u636e\uff08\u5982\u56fe\u7247\u3001gzip \u6587\u672c\uff09\u4f7f\u7528 EXTENDED \u7b56\u7565\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4 PG \u5c1d\u8bd5\u4e8c\u6b21\u538b\u7f29\uff0c\u6d6a\u8d39 CPU \u4e14\u53ef\u80fd\u589e\u5927\u4f53\u79ef\u3002\u5e94\u663e\u5f0f\u8bbe\u7f6e\u4e3a EXTERNAL\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u9891\u7e41\u66f4\u65b0\u5927\u5b57\u6bb5\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4 TOAST \u8868\u81a8\u80c0\uff0c\u9700\u914d\u5408 autovacuum \u8c03\u4f18\u3002<\/p><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"doc-h2\">\u4e09\u3001\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O\uff1aPostgreSQL \u7684 I\/O \u6027\u80fd\u65b0\u5f15\u64ce<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"doc-h3\">3.1 \u540c\u6b65 I\/O \u7684\u74f6\u9888<\/h3>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">\u5728 PG 9.6 \u53ca\u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u540e\u53f0\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff08\u5982 checkpointer\u3001bgwriter\uff09\u7684 I\/O \u64cd\u4f5c\u591a\u4e3a\u540c\u6b65\u963b\u585e\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u5f53\u9700\u8981\u8bfb\u53d6\u5927\u91cf\u6570\u636e\u9875\u65f6\uff0c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5fc5\u987b\u7b49\u5f85\u78c1\u76d8 I\/O \u5b8c\u6210\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4 CPU \u5229\u7528\u7387\u4e0d\u8db3\u3002\u867d\u7136\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u63d0\u4f9b\u4e86\u9884\u8bfb\uff08readahead\uff09\u673a\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u968f\u673a I\/O \u573a\u666f\u4e0b\u6548\u679c\u6709\u9650\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"doc-h3\">3.2 \u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u7684\u67b6\u6784\u5b9e\u73b0<\/h3>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">PG 8.5 \u7ae0\u8282\uff08\u5b9e\u9645\u5bf9\u5e94 9.6+ \u7684\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u6846\u67b6\uff09\u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u57fa\u4e8e\u73af\u5f62\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff08Ring Buffer\uff09\u7684\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u673a\u5236\u3002\u6838\u5fc3\u7ec4\u4ef6\u5305\u62ec\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul class=\"doc-list\">\n<li><strong>Async Request Queue<\/strong>\uff1a\u6bcf\u4e2a\u540e\u7aef\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7ef4\u62a4\u4e00\u4e2a\u8bf7\u6c42\u961f\u5217\uff0c\u8bb0\u5f55\u5f85\u53d1\u8d77\u7684 I\/O \u8bf7\u6c42\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Ring Buffer<\/strong>\uff1a\u5171\u4eab\u5185\u5b58\u4e2d\u7684\u73af\u5f62\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\uff0c\u7528\u4e8e\u5728\u591a\u4e2a\u540e\u7aef\u95f4\u5171\u4eab I\/O \u8bf7\u6c42\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u91cd\u590d\u8bfb\u53d6\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Completion Queue<\/strong>\uff1aI\/O \u5b8c\u6210\u4e8b\u4ef6\u901a\u8fc7\u4fe1\u53f7\u6216\u8f6e\u8be2\u65b9\u5f0f\u901a\u77e5\u540e\u7aef\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">\u4ee5 <code>posix_fadvise<\/code> \u4e0e <code>io_submit<\/code> \u4e3a\u4f8b\uff0cPG \u5728 Linux \u4e0a\u5229\u7528 libaio \u5b9e\u73b0\u771f\u6b63\u7684\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O\u3002\u5f53\u6267\u884c <code>Bitmap Heap Scan<\/code> \u65f6\uff0c\u4f18\u5316\u5668\u4f1a\u9884\u53d6\u591a\u4e2a\u6570\u636e\u9875\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u5e76\u884c\u52a0\u8f7d\uff0c\u663e\u8457\u964d\u4f4e\u5ef6\u8fdf\u3002<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"ini\" data-enlighter-title=\"postgresql.conf (\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u76f8\u5173)\"># \u542f\u7528\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O\uff08\u9ed8\u8ba4 on\uff09\nasync_io = on\n# \u6bcf\u4e2a\u540e\u7aef\u8fdb\u7a0b\u7684 I\/O \u8bf7\u6c42\u961f\u5217\u6df1\u5ea6\neffective_io_concurrency = 200\n# \u7ef4\u62a4\u64cd\u4f5c\uff08\u5982 VACUUM\uff09\u7684 I\/O \u5e76\u53d1\nmaintenance_io_concurrency = 10<\/pre>\n<div class=\"doc-callout doc-callout-info\">\n<div class=\"doc-callout-title\">\ud83d\udca1 \u67b6\u6784\u6838\u5fc3\u51b3\u7b56<\/div>\n<p>\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u5bf9 OLTP \u573a\u666f\u7684\u968f\u673a\u8bfb\u6027\u80fd\u63d0\u5347\u663e\u8457\uff0c\u4f46\u5728\u5168\u8868\u626b\u63cf\u7b49\u987a\u5e8f I\/O \u573a\u666f\u4e0b\uff0c\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\u9884\u8bfb\u5df2\u8db3\u591f\u9ad8\u6548\u3002\u5efa\u8bae\u6839\u636e\u5b58\u50a8\u4ecb\u8d28\uff08SSD vs HDD\uff09\u8c03\u6574 <code>effective_io_concurrency<\/code>\uff1aSSD \u53ef\u8bbe\u4e3a 200-500\uff0cHDD \u5efa\u8bae 2-4\u3002<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"doc-h2\">\u56db\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\uff1a\u4ece\u4e32\u884c\u5230\u5e76\u884c\u7684\u67b6\u6784\u6f14\u8fdb<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"doc-h3\">4.1 \u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u7684\u6838\u5fc3\u6a21\u578b<\/h3>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u57fa\u4e8e\u53d1\u5e03\/\u8ba2\u9605\uff08Publication\/Subscription\uff09\u6a21\u578b\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u89e3\u7801 WAL \u4e2d\u7684\u903b\u8f91\u53d8\u66f4\uff08INSERT\/UPDATE\/DELETE\uff09\u5e76\u53d1\u9001\u5230\u8ba2\u9605\u7aef\u3002\u4e0e\u7269\u7406\u590d\u5236\u4e0d\u540c\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u652f\u6301\u8de8\u7248\u672c\u3001\u8de8\u5e73\u53f0\u3001\u90e8\u5206\u8868\u590d\u5236\uff0c\u662f\u6570\u636e\u8fc1\u79fb\u4e0e\u591a\u6d3b\u67b6\u6784\u7684\u5229\u5668\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"doc-h3\">4.2 \u5e76\u884c\u5e94\u7528\uff08Parallel Apply\uff09\u7684\u7a81\u7834<\/h3>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">\u5728 PG 16 \u4e4b\u524d\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u7684\u5e94\u7528\u8fdb\u7a0b\uff08Apply Worker\uff09\u662f\u5355\u7ebf\u7a0b\u7684\uff0c\u6210\u4e3a\u541e\u5410\u74f6\u9888\u3002PG 16 \u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5e76\u884c\u5e94\u7528\u6a21\u5f0f\uff1a<\/p>\n<ul class=\"doc-list\">\n<li><strong>Leader Apply Worker<\/strong>\uff1a\u8d1f\u8d23\u534f\u8c03\u4e0e\u5206\u53d1\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Parallel Apply Workers<\/strong>\uff1a\u591a\u4e2a\u5de5\u4f5c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u5e76\u884c\u5e94\u7528\u4e0d\u51b2\u7a81\u7684\u4e8b\u52a1\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>\u51b2\u7a81\u68c0\u6d4b<\/strong>\uff1a\u901a\u8fc7\u4e8b\u52a1\u95f4\u7684\u4f9d\u8d56\u5173\u7cfb\uff08\u5982\u5916\u952e\u3001\u552f\u4e00\u7ea6\u675f\uff09\u52a8\u6001\u8c03\u5ea6\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u6570\u636e\u4e0d\u4e00\u81f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">\u5728\u6e90\u7801\u5c42\u9762\uff0c<code>apply_handle_commit<\/code> \u4f1a\u68c0\u67e5\u4e8b\u52a1\u662f\u5426\u53ef\u5e76\u884c\uff0c\u82e5\u53ef\u5e76\u884c\u5219\u901a\u8fc7\u5171\u4eab\u5185\u5b58\u961f\u5217\u5206\u53d1\u7ed9\u7a7a\u95f2\u7684\u5e76\u884c worker\u3002\u8fd9\u4e00\u673a\u5236\u5c06\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u7684\u541e\u5410\u91cf\u63d0\u5347\u4e86 2 \u500d\u4ee5\u4e0a\uff08\u89c6\u51b2\u7a81\u7387\u800c\u5b9a\uff09\u3002<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"sql\" data-enlighter-title=\"logical_replication.sql\">-- \u53d1\u5e03\u7aef\u521b\u5efa\u53d1\u5e03\nCREATE PUBLICATION my_pub FOR TABLE orders, customers;\n-- \u8ba2\u9605\u7aef\u521b\u5efa\u8ba2\u9605\uff08\u542f\u7528\u5e76\u884c\u5e94\u7528\uff09\nCREATE SUBSCRIPTION my_sub CONNECTION 'host=publisher dbname=mydb' PUBLICATION my_pub WITH (streaming = parallel);\n-- \u67e5\u770b\u5e76\u884c\u5e94\u7528\u72b6\u6001\nSELECT * FROM pg_stat_subscription;<\/pre>\n<div class=\"doc-callout doc-callout-warning\">\n<div class=\"doc-callout-title\">\u26a0\ufe0f \u751f\u4ea7\u907f\u5751\u98ce\u9669<\/div>\n<p>\u5e76\u884c\u5e94\u7528\u5e76\u975e\u4e07\u80fd\uff1a\u5f53\u5b58\u5728\u5927\u91cf\u51b2\u7a81\u4e8b\u52a1\uff08\u5982\u9891\u7e41\u66f4\u65b0\u540c\u4e00\u884c\uff09\u65f6\uff0c\u5e76\u884c\u5ea6\u4f1a\u9000\u5316\u3002\u6b64\u5916\uff0c\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u69fd\uff08Replication Slot\uff09\u82e5\u672a\u88ab\u6d88\u8d39\uff0c\u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u53d1\u5e03\u7aef WAL \u65e0\u9650\u5806\u79ef\uff0c\u6700\u7ec8\u6491\u7206\u78c1\u76d8\u3002\u52a1\u5fc5\u76d1\u63a7 <code>pg_replication_slots<\/code> \u7684 <code>confirmed_flush_lsn<\/code> \u4e0e <code>pg_wal<\/code> \u76ee\u5f55\u5927\u5c0f\u3002<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"doc-h2\">\u4e94\u3001\u81a8\u80c0\u7a7a\u95f4\u56de\u6536\uff1aVACUUM \u7684\u6df1\u5c42\u673a\u5236<\/h2>\n<h3 class=\"doc-h3\">5.1 \u8868\u81a8\u80c0\u7684\u6839\u6e90<\/h3>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">PostgreSQL \u7684 MVCC \u673a\u5236\u901a\u8fc7\u4fdd\u7559\u65e7\u7248\u672c\u5143\u7ec4\u5b9e\u73b0\u591a\u7248\u672c\u5e76\u53d1\u63a7\u5236\uff0c\u4f46\u65e7\u5143\u7ec4\uff08\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\uff09\u4f1a\u5360\u7528\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u5bfc\u81f4\u8868\u81a8\u80c0\u3002VACUUM \u8d1f\u8d23\u56de\u6536\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\u5360\u7528\u7684\u7a7a\u95f4\uff0c\u4f46\u666e\u901a VACUUM \u4e0d\u4f1a\u5c06\u7a7a\u95f4\u5f52\u8fd8\u64cd\u4f5c\u7cfb\u7edf\uff0c\u4ec5\u6807\u8bb0\u4e3a\u53ef\u91cd\u7528\u3002<\/p>\n<h3 class=\"doc-h3\">5.2 VACUUM \u7684\u5173\u952e\u9636\u6bb5<\/h3>\n<ul class=\"doc-list\">\n<li><strong>Phase 1: \u626b\u63cf\u5806\u8868<\/strong>\uff1a\u8bc6\u522b\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\u5e76\u8bb0\u5f55\u5230 TID \u5217\u8868\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phase 2: \u6e05\u7406\u7d22\u5f15<\/strong>\uff1a\u5220\u9664\u6307\u5411\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\u7684\u7d22\u5f15\u9879\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phase 3: \u6e05\u7406\u5806\u8868<\/strong>\uff1a\u6807\u8bb0\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\u7a7a\u95f4\u4e3a\u53ef\u7528\uff0c\u66f4\u65b0 FSM\uff08Free Space Map\uff09\u3002<\/li>\n<li><strong>Phase 4: \u622a\u65ad<\/strong>\uff1a\u82e5\u8868\u5c3e\u7684\u7a7a\u95f2\u9875\u8fde\u7eed\uff0c\u5219\u622a\u65ad\u6587\u4ef6\u5f52\u8fd8\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">PG 9.6 \u5f15\u5165\u4e86\u5e76\u884c VACUUM\uff0c\u901a\u8fc7\u591a\u4e2a worker \u5e76\u884c\u626b\u63cf\u5806\u8868\u4e0e\u7d22\u5f15\uff0c\u5927\u5e45\u7f29\u77ed\u5927\u8868 VACUUM \u65f6\u95f4\u3002\u540c\u65f6\uff0c<code>pg_stat_progress_vacuum<\/code> \u89c6\u56fe\u53ef\u5b9e\u65f6\u76d1\u63a7\u8fdb\u5ea6\u3002<\/p>\n<pre class=\"EnlighterJSRAW\" data-enlighter-language=\"ini\" data-enlighter-title=\"postgresql.conf (VACUUM \u8c03\u4f18)\"># \u5e76\u884c VACUUM \u5de5\u4f5c\u8fdb\u7a0b\u6570\nmax_parallel_maintenance_workers = 4\n# \u89e6\u53d1 autovacuum \u7684\u6b7b\u5143\u7ec4\u6bd4\u4f8b\nautovacuum_vacuum_scale_factor = 0.05\n# \u6bcf\u6b21 VACUUM \u7684\u4ee3\u4ef7\u5ef6\u8fdf\uff08\u964d\u4f4e\u5bf9\u4e1a\u52a1\u5f71\u54cd\uff09\nvacuum_cost_delay = 2ms\nvacuum_cost_limit = 200<\/pre>\n<div class=\"doc-callout doc-callout-danger\">\n<div class=\"doc-callout-title\">\ud83d\udea8 \u4e25\u91cd\u9690\u60a3\u544a\u8b66<\/div>\n<p>\u957f\u671f\u4e0d\u6267\u884c VACUUM \u4f1a\u5bfc\u81f4\u4e8b\u52a1 ID \u56de\u5377\uff08Transaction ID Wraparound\uff09\uff0c\u6570\u636e\u5e93\u5c06\u5f3a\u5236\u8fdb\u5165\u53ea\u8bfb\u6a21\u5f0f\u3002\u52a1\u5fc5\u76d1\u63a7 <code>age(datfrozenxid)<\/code>\uff0c\u5e76\u786e\u4fdd autovacuum \u6b63\u5e38\u8fd0\u884c\u3002\u5bf9\u4e8e\u8d85\u5927\u8868\uff0c\u5efa\u8bae\u4f7f\u7528 <code>pg_repack<\/code> \u5728\u7ebf\u91cd\u5efa\u4ee5\u5f7b\u5e95\u56de\u6536\u7a7a\u95f4\u3002<\/div>\n<h2 class=\"doc-h2\">\u516d\u3001\u67b6\u6784\u542f\u793a\u4e0e\u843d\u5730\u5efa\u8bae<\/h2>\n<p class=\"doc-p\">\u901a\u8fc7\u5bf9 PostgreSQL \u5185\u6838\u7684\u6df1\u5ea6\u62c6\u89e3\uff0c\u6211\u4eec\u53ef\u4ee5\u63d0\u70bc\u51fa\u4ee5\u4e0b\u67b6\u6784\u51b3\u7b56\u539f\u5219\uff1a<\/p>\n<div class=\"doc-table-wrapper\">\n<table class=\"doc-table\">\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>\u573a\u666f<\/th>\n<th>\u4f20\u7edf\u65b9\u6848<\/th>\n<th>\u73b0\u4ee3\u4f18\u5316\u65b9\u6848<\/th>\n<th>\u67b6\u6784\u6536\u76ca<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>\u5927\u5b57\u6bb5\u5b58\u50a8<\/td>\n<td>\u9ed8\u8ba4 EXTENDED \u7b56\u7565<\/td>\n<td>\u6309\u6570\u636e\u7c7b\u578b\u9009\u62e9 EXTERNAL\/MAIN<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"badge-tag-green\">\u51cf\u5c11 CPU \u4e0e\u5b58\u50a8\u5f00\u9500<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u9ad8\u5e76\u53d1\u8bfb<\/td>\n<td>\u540c\u6b65 I\/O + \u589e\u5927 shared_buffers<\/td>\n<td>\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O + \u5408\u7406 effective_io_concurrency<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"badge-tag-green\">\u968f\u673a\u8bfb\u5ef6\u8fdf\u964d\u4f4e 40%<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u8de8\u5e93\u540c\u6b65<\/td>\n<td>\u5355\u7ebf\u7a0b\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236<\/td>\n<td>\u5e76\u884c\u5e94\u7528 + \u51b2\u7a81\u68c0\u6d4b<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"badge-tag-green\">\u541e\u5410\u63d0\u5347 2x<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>\u7a7a\u95f4\u56de\u6536<\/td>\n<td>\u624b\u52a8 VACUUM FULL<\/td>\n<td>\u5e76\u884c VACUUM + pg_repack<\/td>\n<td><span class=\"badge-tag-green\">\u5728\u7ebf\u56de\u6536\uff0c\u96f6\u505c\u673a<\/span><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"doc-callout doc-callout-info\">\n<div class=\"doc-callout-title\">\ud83d\udca1 \u67b6\u6784\u6838\u5fc3\u51b3\u7b56<\/div>\n<p>PostgreSQL \u7684\u5185\u6838\u8bbe\u8ba1\u59cb\u7ec8\u5728\u201c\u901a\u7528\u6027\u201d\u4e0e\u201c\u6027\u80fd\u201d\u4e4b\u95f4\u5bfb\u6c42\u5e73\u8861\u3002\u4f5c\u4e3a\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\uff0c\u5e94\u6df1\u5165\u7406\u89e3\u6bcf\u4e2a\u673a\u5236\u7684\u9002\u7528\u8fb9\u754c\uff0c\u907f\u514d\u76f2\u76ee\u8c03\u53c2\u3002\u4f8b\u5982\uff0c\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u5e76\u975e\u94f6\u5f39\uff0c\u5728\u4e91\u76d8\u73af\u5883\u4e0b\u9700\u9a8c\u8bc1\u5b9e\u9645\u6536\u76ca\uff1b\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u5e76\u884c\u5ea6\u9700\u7ed3\u5408\u4e1a\u52a1\u51b2\u7a81\u7387\u52a8\u6001\u8c03\u6574\u3002<\/p><\/div>\n<div class=\"doc-ref-box\"><strong>\u539f\u6587\u51fa\u5904\u4e0e\u6743\u5a01\u6eaf\u6e90\u58f0\u660e\uff1a<\/strong><br \/>\u672c\u6587\u6838\u5fc3\u6280\u672f\u80cc\u666f\u6e90\u81ea\u6d77\u5916\u4e00\u7ebf\u6280\u672f\u7814\u7a76\uff1a<br \/><a href=\"https:\/\/www.interdb.jp\/pg\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\">The Internals of PostgreSQL (Hironobu Suzuki)<\/a><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>\u57fa\u4e8e\u300aThe Internals of PostgreSQL\u300b11 \u5468\u5e74\u6700\u65b0\u4fee\u8ba2\u7248\uff0c\u672c\u6587\u4ee5\u67b6\u6784\u5e08\u89c6\u89d2\u6df1\u5ea6\u62c6\u89e3 PG \u5185\u6838\u6838\u5fc3\u673a\u5236\uff1aTOAST \u5927\u5b57\u6bb5\u5b58\u50a8\u3001\u5f02\u6b65 I\/O \u73af\u5f62\u7f13\u51b2\u533a\u3001\u903b\u8f91\u590d\u5236\u5e76\u884c\u5e94\u7528\u4e0e\u81a8\u80c0\u7a7a\u95f4\u56de\u6536\u3002\u7ed3\u5408\u6e90\u7801\u7ea7\u65f6\u5e8f\u4e0e\u5de5\u4e1a\u7ea7\u914d\u7f6e\uff0c\u63ed\u793a PG 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